ABSTRACT
The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has warranted the need to investigate potential therapies or prophylaxis against this infectious respiratory disease. There is emerging evidence about the potential role of nutrients on COVID-19 in addition to using medications such as hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. This scoping review aims to explore the literature evaluating the effect of immunomodulatory nutrients on the outcomes including hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, oxygen requirement, and mortality in COVID-19 patients. A literature search of databases including Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and PubMed, as well as hand-searching in Google Scholar (up to 10 February 2021) was conducted. All human studies with different study designs and without limitation on publication year were included except for non-English-language and review articles. Overall, out of 4412 studies, 19 met our inclusion criteria. Four studies examined the impact of supplementation with vitamin C, 4 studies - zinc, 8 studies - vitamin D, and 3 studies investigated the combination of 2 (zinc and vitamin C) or 3 (vitamin D, vitamin B-12, and magnesium) nutrients. Although limited data exist, available evidence demonstrated that supplementation with immune-supportive micronutrients such as vitamins D and C and zinc may modulate immunity and alleviate the severity and risk of infection. The effectiveness of vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc on COVID-19 was different based on baseline nutrient status, the duration and dosage of nutrient therapy, time of administration, and severity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease. This review indicated that supplementation with high-dose vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc may alleviate the complications caused by COVID-19, including inflammatory markers, oxygen therapy, length of hospitalization, and mortality; however, studies were mixed regarding these effects. Further randomized clinical trials are necessary to identify the most effective nutrients and the safe dosage to combat SARS-CoV-2.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Quality of care is one of the most critical issues in nursing care today. Moreover, all health care employees are responsible for providing support and high-quality, safe care. However, nurses caring for COVID-19 patients face problems such as unfamiliar work environments, exposure to the disease, lack of experience in their new positions, and close public and media attention. This study aimed to investigate missed nursing care and the reasons for missed nursing care during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 135 nurses working in COVID-19 units. Data were collected using the MISSCARE Survey. The significance level for the statistical tests was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Most of the participants were women and had a bachelor's degree in nursing. There was a lack of supportive and necessary care more than any other form of care. According to nurses, the most common reasons for missed care were urgent patient situations, inadequate staff, and an unexpected rise in patient volume and/or patient acuity on the unit. CONCLUSION: Generally, the results showed that being positioned in a new situation and unfamiliarity with the disease had a significant impact-among nurses-on the amount of care provided. Managers can use this information to solve existing missed-nursing-care problems and contribute to improving the quality of care. These results can be helpful in controlling missed nursing care and finding a more optimal solution for this problem; thus, we can improve the quality of care delivery and increase the satisfaction of nurses and patients. Additionally, an understanding of the kind of missing nursing care during a pandemic can positively enhance the management of similar situations in the future.
ABSTRACT
Background: There are reports of ocular tropism due to respiratory viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Various studies have shown ocular manifestation in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients. We aimed to identify ophthalmic manifestations in COVID-19 patients and establish an association between ocular symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: A systematic search of Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library was conducted for publications from December 2019 to April 2021. The search included MeSH terms such as SARS-CoV-2 and ocular manifestations. The pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using binomial distribution and random effects. The meta-regression method was used to examine factors affecting heterogeneity between studies. Results: Of the 412 retrieved articles, 23 studies with a total of 3,650 COVID-19 patients were analyzed. The PPE for any ocular manifestations was 23.77% (95% CI: 15.73-31.81). The most prevalent symptom was dry eyes with a PPE of 13.66% (95% CI: 5.01-25.51). The PPE with 95% CI for conjunctival hyperemia, conjunctival congestion/conjunctivitis, and ocular pain was 13.41% (4.65-25.51), 9.14% (6.13-12.15), and 10.34% (4.90-15.78), respectively. Only two studies reported ocular discomfort and diplopia. The results of meta-regression analysis showed that age and sample size had no significant effect on the prevalence of any ocular manifestations. There was no significant publication bias in our meta-analysis. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of ocular manifestations in COVID-19 patients. The most common symptoms are dry eyes, conjunctival hyperemia, conjunctival congestion/conjunctivitis, ocular pain, irritation/itching/burning sensation, and foreign body sensation.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Eye Diseases , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/therapy , Eye Diseases/epidemiology , Eye Diseases/virology , Humans , PrevalenceABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Providing safe and high-quality nursing care is an essential task of nursing. Nurses may be unable to provide patients with all of the necessary care for numerous reasons, such as an increase in the number of patients and a low number of nursing staff. Moreover, they may have to omit, postpone, or incompletely perform a series of care, referred to as missed nursing care. The purpose of this study was to translate and conduct psychometric testing of the MISSCARE Survey. METHOD: In this study, we accurately translated the MISSCARE Survey. Its acceptability, construct validity, and internal consistency were analyzed. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the summer of 2020 in educational hospitals in Ardabil, Iran. The participants were 300 nurses who worked in educational hospitals and were randomly selected. RESULTS: Participants in this study included 300 nurses from five units, including general medicine (13.3%), COVID-19 (45.0%), surgery (18.7%), critical care unit (6.3%), and intensive care unit (16.7%), who worked various shifts, of whom 84.7% were female. The total content validity in Part A was 0.944, and that in Part B was 0.969. Part A was divided into three domains (necessary care, secondary care, and supportive care), and Part B was divided into five domains (communication, labor resources, material resources, responsibility, and unpredictable situations). In both parts, the chi-square index was < 3, and the RMSEA index was < 0.08. The internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alpha was 0.933 for Part A and 0.910 for Part B for the Persian version of the MISSCARE Survey. CONCLUSION: Based on the outcomes of this research, it can be concluded that the Persian version of the MISSCARE Survey is valid for use in Iranian hospitals and can be used to identify missed care and the reasons behind it. Nursing managers can also use it to improve the situation and provide the highest-quality care.